Jesus and judaism by Hengel pdf download

The extraordinary amount of learning [in this text] means that the argument of this volume cannot easily be brushed aside. Anyone wanting to dig deeply into the historical context surrounding Jesus and the apostolic church would have to look hard to find a more substantial and reliable source than this. Tomson, Journal for the Study of Judaism The extraordinary amount of learning [in this text] means that the argument of this volume cannot easily be brushed aside.

Gathercole, Booklist I'm impressed by the abundance of carefully processed primary and secondary literature. Related Books. You are commenting using your Google account. You are commenting using your Twitter account. You are commenting using your Facebook account. Notify me of new comments via email. Notify me of new posts via email. Since the city was built on an old graveyard, he had to compel some of the new inhabitants to settle or court them with benefactions such as manumission and bestowals of houses and farmland.

Josephus speaks of a population that is very mixed socially, but they must have been predominantly Galilean Jews, whose upper stra- tum spoke Greek, to which a minority of Gentiles were added. It was the Galilean counterpart to the temple in Jerusalem, which had been so gloriously renovated by his father. On the theater, cf. Jensen , ff. According to Josephus, Life 67, the Gentile minority was killed by radical Zealots at the beginning of the revolt.

Sukkah 4. Due to these images, the palace was burned down by zealot Jews at the beginning of the First Jewish War. Antipas regarded religious renewal movements with suspicion. He had John the Baptist executed because he regarded his criticism as politically dangerous and feared unrest.

Thus, the wife of the administra- tor Chuza supported him from her assets because she had been healed by him. The sons of Herod were inferior to kings in nothing.

According to Luke The conflict between Antipas and Pilate probably refers to the episode of the shields. On this, see section On this, see section 7. Nabataean king Aretas IV. This defeat was regarded by the people as a just punishment for the execu- tion of John the Baptist.

This, however, was left undone because Tiberius died on March 16, 37 CE. They were not successful. Agrippa foiled their plans by slandering Antipas before Caligula, who let himself be convinced by him. Antipas had to go into exile in Gaul, and his wife followed him. After Archelaus was deposed in 6 CE, his territory became a Roman prov- ince of the third class under a prefect from the equestrian class, who was endowed with military authority that extended to the issuing of sen- tences of capital punishment for provincials and Roman citizens but.

On this, see the concluding paragraphs of section 3. For the classifica- tion of the provinces, see Strabo, Geogr. The office designation praefectus is secured by the Pilate inscription cf. With the reconversion of Judaea into a province under Claudius in 44 CE, the title procurator replaced the earlier title praefectus. The high priests and their family members stood at the head of the Jewish aristocracy. As the local authority utilized by the Romans, they now had much more influence on politics than they had under Herod.

The highest court was their Sanhedrin, in whose changing composition the lay aristocracy and the scribal Torah jurists played a certain role alongside the ruling priestly aristocrats. Judas who. However, on the basis of the urgent warning and persuasion of the high priest Joazar, son of Boethus, the majority let themselves be counted.

As shown by Mark Primitive Christianity never rejected this payment, as the answer of Jesus shows. It is demanded in the later New Testament letters. From the begin- ning the Jesus movement was not a political protest movement against. Goodblatt , 27ff. Luke 2. On questions pertaining to administration, see Cotton Judas is probably the same person as Judas, the son of Hezekiah, who instigated the unrest in Sepphoris in Galilee. Thackeray, LCL, ; cf. Their model was the violent zeal of the priest Phinehas for the law Num 25 and the successful revolt of the Maccabees.

Josephus reports very little about the early prefects. They resided from the beginning in Caesarea Maritima in the former palace of Herod but came to Jerusalem at the time of the high festivals. Only the governor of Syria on the Parthian border had Roman legions at his command.

When there were greater unrests the governor of Syria had to intervene with his legions. The admin- istrative task of the prefects included especially the collection of taxes. Luke Tacitus, Ann. In Jerusalem a cohort was always stationed in the Antonia; cf. Other taxes were collected by tax farmers. It was increased by the religious dues for the temple.

It is said that the elder Annas was extremely fortunate. On the census, cf. Cotton Woodman , 61; cf. Vitellius reduced the dues of produce at the Jerusalem market dur- ing his visit in 36 CE Josephus, Ant. Schwartz , 64, hypothesdizes that Vitellius pro- ceeded in this way because there was no prefect appointed by the emperor at this time.

The custom itself probably goes back to Herod. Presumably this transfer was connected in each case with a corresponding payment, at least under the prefects and procurators. Hengel b, ff. Feldman, LCL, , modified.

Accordingly, Annas is mentioned both in the synchronism of Luke 3. Little is known about the early prefects. During the time of Coponius the Samaritans desecrated the Jerusalem temple at the festival of Pass- over with human bones. After that the priests took care to ensure that the temple area was more secure.

The event demonstrates the hatred between the two people groups. To be sure, their strength lay much more in the clan and its riches than in the individual family members.

The preeminence of the family of Annas also becomes clear under the Roman prefects and procurators. It held a singular position of power between 6 and 66 CE especially until 41 CE , presumably because in comparison with others its members had a better understanding of how to bring about a balance between the Roman overlords and the goodwill of the people.

Acts 5. See also chapter 4. We learn he is the son-in-law of Annas only from John Feldman, the editor and translator of the volume for the LCL, postulates a gap in the text Feldman , 27 n. It is perhaps for this reason that we learn nothing about the reaction of the prefect. Of all the high priests Caiaphas was in office the longest.

On Annas and Caiaphas, cf. See especially also the mocking song about these familes from the turbulent time before the outbreak of the Jew- ish War b. Freedman in Epstein , :. Woe is me because of the house of Boethus; woe is me because of their staves! His portrayal is sup- plemented by the remarks of Philo. Presumably severe conflicts first took place under Pilate, which Pilate himself provoked due to his disdain for the Jewish people.

For this reason the reports about him in Josephus and Philo are more detailed. After all, Josephus writes with the goal of explaining the Jewish revolt against Rome with respect to its causes. Philo, in turn, was concerned to shed light on the prehistory of the pogroms in Alexandria and the Caligula crisis. Probably at the beginning of his prefecture, Pilate had his soldiers secretly bring Roman standards with medallion busts of the emperor, which could be regarded as idols by the Jews, into Jerusalem.

A great crowd of leading Jews peacefully protested before Pilate against this violation of the law for many days in Caesarea and requested that the images be removed. He ultimately threatened them with his soldiers but then yielded in view of their readiness to die. According to him, Pilate had consecrated shields without images but probably with inscriptions set up in the palace in Jerusalem in honor of Tiberius and only removed them at the direct command of the emperor.

Stubborn by nature, inflex- ible, and full of disdain for the Jews, Pilate reacted only when the Jew- ish complaint had success with the emperor. Woe is me because of the house of Ishmael the son of Phabi, woe is me because of their fists! Feldman, LCL, 45, According to Eusebius, Dem. In this context Philo also mentions the bribabilty and other bad character traits of Pilate. For his behavior in the trial of Jesus, see section The formula dei filius, which is also found on the denarii of the emperor, may have played a role in the case of the medallions and inscriptions.

See section 3. It is all the more conspicuous that the sources never report that Pilate and his successors persecuted the young messianic movement that proceeded from Jesus. Pilate never transferred the office of high priest to another person during his time in office, and he was deposed by Vitellius at almost the same time as Caiaphas, which certainly means that the two harmonized well, in fact too well, with each other. The brutal military action of Pilate against Samaritan adherents of a prophet, who wanted to show them the hidden holy temple vessels of Moses on Mount Gerazim, ultimately led.

However, the late dating to 36 CE in Kokkinos , n. It is clear from Josephus, Ant. The opinion of the people understood the defeat of Antipas in 36 CE as a punishment for his judicial murder of the Baptist in ca.

Although about eight years lay between the execution of James, the brother of the Lord, and the destruction of Jerusa- lem, the Jewish Christian legend understood the latter as a direct consequence of the for- mer Hegesippus in Eusebius, Hist. Luke already hints at it, and Matthew clearly explains the destruction as a pun- ishment for the crucifixion of Jesus.

On the translation, cf. See further, note 58 in chapter 6. Tiberius usually left Roman officials in office for a long time in the provinces. During the time of his reign he sent two prefects, Gratus and Pilate, to Judaea. However, with this incident, to which distinguished Samaritans also fell victim, Pilate appears to have finally gone too far.

He was deposed by Vitellius and sent to Rome to give an account of his action. Soon after his accession to power Gaius Caligula appointed Agrippa, his personal friend and the grandson of Herod I and of the Hasmonean Mari- amne, to be king over the whole former area of Herod Philip and perhaps already over the tetrarchy of Lysanias 37 CE.

The Acts of Pilate recount legendary material about his subsequent fate. Inter alia he has the wife of Pilate intervene on behalf of Jesus Matt It is debated whether the same person is in view. Philo, Legat. According to Josephus, Capito was, however, the rich tax collector only of Jamnia, i. Philo, Flacc. The imperial cult appeared to the rabble as a proven method for venting its hatred of the Jewish population.

This also applies to the Palestinian Jamnia, after. The pact between Agrippa and the emperor, senate, and people of Rome mentioned here is presented in the form of a hand- shake on coins.

For the reaction of his sister Herodias, cf. At the begin- ning of the thirties he went, without means, to Palestine, accumulated great debts there, and failed in his attempts to gain political influence. He fled from his creditor Herennius Capito see note above via Alexandria toward Rome. In 36 CE he arrived, furnished with a credit from the alabarch Alexander, the brother of Philo.

Tiberius no longer thought anything of his ambitions. Agrippa had to back his successor, Caligula, for which reason Tiberius imprisoned him. Caligula freed him from the prison and immediately thereafter placed the royal diadem on his head.

See Josephus, Ant. On this, see note 45 in chapter For the designation, cf. The imperial cult was regulated locally and not centrally pre- scribed. The Jewish, aniconic cult could be described neutrally from the Roman per- spective, and could even be praised as exemplary by some philosophical.

See Philo, Legat. Feldman, LCL, , The difference in the specifications may be due to the fact that the two emphasize different aspects. Sacrifices for the king are mentioned already in Ezra 6. The synagogue inscriptions from Egypt attest their erection in honor of the Ptolemies. Caligula entasked the governor of Syria, Petronius, with carrying out this endeavor with half of the troops that were stationed at the Euphrates.

Edwards , At night he invited the moon goddess to his bed, and in the daytime he held private conversations with Jupiter Cal. The text points to the expectation regarding the Antichrist at the time of the Jewish War; cf.

In doing so he respected the exemption of Judaea from providing winter quarters; on this, see note 44 above. However, with the choice of the winter quarters in Ptolemais he kept himself ready. Only after their death could the command be carried out. However, he certainly would not have been so blundering as to protest to Caligula that he himself was a descendant. For the answer of the emperor, see Legat.

When I ordered a statue of Zeus to be set up in the temple they marshalled their whole population and issued forth from the city and country nominally to make a petition but actually to counteract my orders. While Agrippa did not want to lose his rule or the goodwill of the emperor, in order not to completely lose his claims to Judaea he had to represent the interests of all Jews in the Jerusalem temple and its special cult.

Likewise, Agrippa would hardly have made an indirect demand on behalf of the Jewish people for Roman citizenship and direct freedom and remission of taxes. Petro- nius promised to give a report to the emperor and withdrew to Antioch with the troops stationed in Ptolemais.

All this, however, remains very uncertain. Tacitus, Hist. See further Josephus, Ant. This crisis, which shook not only Palestine but also the Jewish diaspora, came to an end only with the murder of Caligula and the peacemaking measures of Claudius.

He first held a triumphal entry into Jerusalem, offered sacrifices, and dedicated the golden chain that he had received from Caligula in 37 CE as a dedicatory gift in the temple. This may have occurred already in 38 CE. In this case, Caligula had already appointed him as protector of the temple at that time. In any case, he initially favored the house of Boethus and thus took the policy of his grandfather Herod I as a model.

In that case it served, so to speak, as a sign of victory over the ungodly emperor. Josephus emphasizes that the fam- ily of Boethus thus reached again the same high number as the high priest Simon, son of Onias, with his three sons. Theophilus was appointed by Vitellius in 37 CE Ant. His name appears on an ossuary inscription. If Agrippa already became the protector of the temple in 38 CE, we can already assume the appointment of Simon Kantheras in this year; cf.

Agrippa, who was, after all, a descendant of the Hasmoneans, was intent on maintaining equilibrium and peace in his area of rule. This also applies to the rival high priestly clans, whom he kept under control through a policy of divide et impera.

Thus, in place of Simon Kantheras he soon reappointed a member of the family of Annas, Matthias, son of Annas, and shortly before his death in 44 CE he appointed a member of the clan of Boethus again, Elionaeus, son of Kantheras. The proceedings of Agrippa against leading members of the primitive community in Jerusalem probably scarcely resulted from his own interests.

Otherwise, he would have persecuted the Christians more insistently and not simply ended the proceeding with the execution of the guards after the flight of Peter.

As we have already emphasized, this included the fact that he furnished the two most powerful high priestly families with the high- est office in an alternating manner.

The primitive community in Jerusalem was especially a thorn in the side of the family of Annas. He dates the persecution too early, to the Passover festival in 41 CE, when Agrippa could not yet even have been in the land. Moreover, in that case one would have to hear of another action of Agrippa against the Christians. The persecution under Agrippa I and the flight of Peter signified a deep caesura in the history of the primitive community.

The depictions of the hearing in Acts 4. He probably no more regarded these enthusiasts as politically dangerous than the Roman prefects and procu- rators, none of whom thought it necessary to proceed against the Christians in Palestine in the period between 30 and 66 CE.

The Christians did not take part in the First Jew- ish War. At the outbreak of the war in 66 CE, the primitive community fled to Pella. To be sure, this must be. Thackeray, LCL, , which was probably derived from Exod On Annas II as leading Sadducee, see chapter 4 below. By contrast, the martyrdom of Stephen ca. The high priest did not have the right to impose capital punishment, nor did his power extend to Damascus for him to be able to bring undesirable persons to Jerusalem.

The concrete events that Luke portrays sug- gest mob justice in a Jerusalem synagogue community. The interrogation by the high priest himself which can easily be removed from the context is a typical Lukan exaggeration. Too little consideration is given to this fact in current scholarship. It also sheds light on the trial of Jesus; see section Sotah 7.

And when he came to the verse, You may not put a foreigner over you, who is not your brother Dt. Neusner , ; cf. Thus, he is said to have especially favored Berytos Beirut , which had already been dealt with gen- erously by his grandfather and had become a Roman colony in 15 CE. However, this awakened the suspicion of the Roman governor in Syria, Marsus, who did not think that such a meeting of minds corresponded to Roman interests.

Josephus provides a similar portrayal of the end of Agrippa. These walls were intended to secure the north side of the city, where Jerusalem had no natural protection by rocky hillsides. Its construction was discontinued because of the premature death of Agrippa. His subjects gave little thanks to Agrippa for his benefactions.

In reality we are dealing with a popular narrative from oral tradition. Josephus and Luke supplement each other here. The sickness portrayed in Acts To browse Academia. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google.

Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Jesus and Judaism , the first in a four-volume series, focuses on the person of Jesus in the context of Judaism.

Beginning with his Galilean origin, the volume analyzes Jesus' relationship with John the Baptist and the Jewish context of Jesus' life and work. The authors argue that there never was a nonmessianic Jesus.